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Credit-ticket system : ウィキペディア英語版 | Credit-ticket system The credit-ticket system was a form of emigration prevalent in the mid to late nineteenth century, in which brokers advanced the cost of the passage to workers and retained control over their services until they repaid their debt in full.〔Cloud, Patricia and David W. Galenson. “Chinese Immigration and Contract Labor in the Late Nineteenth Century,” ''Explorations in Economic History'' 24.1 (1987): 26.〕 It generally refers to the immigration of Chinese to California, but migrants to Hawaii, British Columbia, and Australia participated in a similar process.〔Northrup, David. ''Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834-1922'', 1995, 58.〕 Controversy exists over whether or not the credit-ticket system was actually voluntary. The association of Chinese laborers with involuntary contract labor during a time in which it was illegal exacerbated the public’s anti-Asian sentiments.〔Lee, Robert G. ''Orientals'', 1999, 60-61.〕 However, because of the lack of documentation regarding the credit-ticket system, it is difficult to prove whether or not Chinese laborers were truly free agents. ==Origins==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Credit-ticket system」の詳細全文を読む
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